Who Gets Type 2 Diabetes?
Anyone can get type 2 diabetes. However, those at highest risk for the disease are those who are obese or overweight, women who have had gestational diabetes, people with family members who have type 2 diabetes and people who have metabolic syndrome (a cluster of problems that include high cholesterol, high triglycerides, low good 'HDL' cholesterol and a high bad 'LDL' cholesterol and high blood pressure). In addition, older people are more susceptible to developing the disease since aging makes the body less tolerant of sugars.
What Causes Type 2 Diabetes?
Although it is more common than type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes is less well understood. It is likely caused by multiple factors and not a single problem.
Type 2 diabetes can run in families, but the exact nature of how it's inherited or the identity of a single genetic factor is not known.
What Are the Symptoms?
The symptoms of type 2 diabetes vary from person to person but may include:
Increased thirst
Increased hunger (especially after eating)
Dry mouth
Nausea and occasionally vomiting
Frequent urination
Fatigue (weak, tired feeling)
Blurred vision
Numbness or tingling of the hands or feet
Frequent infections of the skin, urinary tract or vagina
Rarely, a person may be diagnosed with type 2 diabetes after presenting to the hospital in a diabetic coma .
How Is It Diagnosed?
If your health care provider suspects type 2 diabetes, he or she will first check for abnormalities in your blood (high blood glucose level). In addition, he may look for glucose or ketone bodies in your urine.
Tests used to diagnose type 2 diabetes include a fasting plasma glucose test or a casual plasma glucose test.
Often the diagnosis of another condition may cause the doctor to suspect diabetes may also be present. For example, if you have abnormally high triglycerides in your blood based on the result of a cholesterol test or if you are diagnosed with a diabetes-related eye disease your doctor may decide to test your blood sugars.
How Is Type 2 Diabetes Managed?
Many people with type 2 diabetes live long, healthy lives. The key to good health is keeping your blood sugar levels within your target range, which can be done with meal planning, exercise and medication which may include pills and insulin.
You will also need to check your blood sugar levels regularly.
Complications associated with type 2 diabetes
If your diabetes isn't well controlled, there are a number of serious or life-threatening problems you may experience, including:
Retinopathy. People with type 2 diabetes may already have abnormalities in the eyes related to the development of diabetes. Over time more and more people who initially do not have eye problems related to the disease will develop some form of eye problem. It is important to control not only sugars but blood pressure and cholesterol to prevent progression of eye disease. Fortunately, the vision loss isn't significant in most.
Kidney Damage. The risk of kidney disease increases over time, meaning the longer you have diabetes the greater your risk. This complication carries significant risk of serious illness -- such as kidney failure and heart disease.
Decreased sensation & poor blood circulation . Damage to nerves and hardening of the arteries leads to decreased sensation and poor blood circulation in the feet. This can lead to increased infections and an increased risk of ulcers which heal poorly and can in turn significantly raises the risk of amputation. Damage to nerves may also lead to digestive problems, such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.
Reviewed by Certified Diabetes Educators in the Department of Patient Education and Health Information and by physicians in the Department of Endocrinology at The Cleveland Clinic.
Edited by Brunilda Nazario, MD, WebMD, October 2004.
Portions of this page © The Cleveland Clinic 2000-2005
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Who Gets Type 2 Diabetes?
Anyone can get type 2 diabetes. However, those at highest risk for the disease are those who are obese or overweight, women who have had gestational diabetes, people with family members who have type 2 diabetes and people who have metabolic syndrome (a cluster of problems that include high cholesterol, high triglycerides, low good 'HDL' cholesterol and a high bad 'LDL' cholesterol and high blood pressure). In addition, older people are more susceptible to developing the disease since aging makes the body less tolerant of sugars.
What Causes Type 2 Diabetes?
Although it is more common than type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes is less well understood. It is likely caused by multiple factors and not a single problem.
Type 2 diabetes can run in families, but the exact nature of how it's inherited or the identity of a single genetic factor is not known.
What Are the Symptoms?
The symptoms of type 2 diabetes vary from person to person but may include:
Increased thirst
Increased hunger (especially after eating)
Dry mouth
Nausea and occasionally vomiting
Frequent urination
Fatigue (weak, tired feeling)
Blurred vision
Numbness or tingling of the hands or feet
Frequent infections of the skin, urinary tract or vagina
Rarely, a person may be diagnosed with type 2 diabetes after presenting to the hospital in a diabetic coma .
How Is It Diagnosed?
If your health care provider suspects type 2 diabetes, he or she will first check for abnormalities in your blood (high blood glucose level). In addition, he may look for glucose or ketone bodies in your urine.
Tests used to diagnose type 2 diabetes include a fasting plasma glucose test or a casual plasma glucose test.
Often the diagnosis of another condition may cause the doctor to suspect diabetes may also be present. For example, if you have abnormally high triglycerides in your blood based on the result of a cholesterol test or if you are diagnosed with a diabetes-related eye disease your doctor may decide to test your blood sugars.
How Is Type 2 Diabetes Managed?
Many people with type 2 diabetes live long, healthy lives. The key to good health is keeping your blood sugar levels within your target range, which can be done with meal planning, exercise and medication which may include pills and insulin.
You will also need to check your blood sugar levels regularly.
Complications associated with type 2 diabetes
If your diabetes isn't well controlled, there are a number of serious or life-threatening problems you may experience, including:
Retinopathy. People with type 2 diabetes may already have abnormalities in the eyes related to the development of diabetes. Over time more and more people who initially do not have eye problems related to the disease will develop some form of eye problem. It is important to control not only sugars but blood pressure and cholesterol to prevent progression of eye disease. Fortunately, the vision loss isn't significant in most.
Kidney Damage. The risk of kidney disease increases over time, meaning the longer you have diabetes the greater your risk. This complication carries significant risk of serious illness -- such as kidney failure and heart disease.
Decreased sensation & poor blood circulation . Damage to nerves and hardening of the arteries leads to decreased sensation and poor blood circulation in the feet. This can lead to increased infections and an increased risk of ulcers which heal poorly and can in turn significantly raises the risk of amputation. Damage to nerves may also lead to digestive problems, such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.
Reviewed by Certified Diabetes Educators in the Department of Patient Education and Health Information and by physicians in the Department of Endocrinology at The Cleveland Clinic.
Edited by Brunilda Nazario, MD, WebMD, October 2004.
Portions of this page © The Cleveland Clinic 2000-2005
Who Gets Type 1 Diabetes?
Although the disease usually starts in people under the age of 20, type 1 diabetes may occur at any age.
The disease is relatively uncommon, affecting 1 in 250 Americans. The condition is more common in whites than in blacks and occurs equally in men and women.
What Causes Type 1 Diabetes?
Doctors don't know all the factors that lead to type 1 diabetes. Clearly, the susceptibility to the condition can be inherited.
Doctors have identified that an environmental trigger plays a role in causing the disease. Type 1 diabetes appears to occur when something in the environment -- a toxin or a virus (but doctors aren't sure) -- triggers the immune system to mistakenly attack the pancreas and destroy the beta cells of the pancreas to the point where they can no longer produce sufficient insulin. Markers of this destruction -- called autoantibodies -- can be seen in most people with type 1 diabetes. In fact, they are present in 85% to 90% of people with the condition when the blood sugars are high.
Because it's an autoimmune disease, type 1 diabetes can occur along with other autoimmune diseases such as hyperthyroidism from Grave's disease or the patchy decrease in skin pigmentation that occurs with vitiligo.
What Are the Symptoms?
The symptoms of type 1 diabetes are often subtle, but they can become severe. They include:
Increased thirst
Increased hunger (especially after eating)
Dry mouth
Nausea and occasionally vomiting
Abdominal pain
Frequent urination
Unexplained weight loss (even though you are eating and feel hungry)
Fatigue (weak, tired feeling)
Blurred vision
Heavy, labored breathing (Kussmaul respiration)
Frequent infections of the skin, urinary tract or vagina
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Signs of an emergency with type 1 diabetes include:
Shaking and confusion
Rapid breathing
Fruity smell to the breath
Abdominal pain
Loss of consciousness (rare)
How Is Type 1 Diabetes Diagnosed?
If your health care provider suspects diabetes, he will first check for abnormalities in your blood (high blood glucose level). In addition, he may look for glucose or ketone bodies in the urine.
There is currently no way to screen for or prevent the development of type 1 diabetes.
How Is Type 1 Diabetes Managed?
Many people with type 1 diabetes live long, healthy lives. The key to good health is keeping your blood sugar levels within your target range, which can be done with meal planning, exercise and intensive insulin therapy. All people with type 1 diabetes must use insulin injections to control their blood glucose.
You will also need to check your blood sugar levels regularly and make adjustment of insulin, food and activities to maintain a normal sugar level.
Consequences of Uncontrolled Diabetes
When diabetes isn't well controlled, a number of serious or life-threatening problems may develop, including:
Retinopathy. This eye problem occurs in 75% to 95% of adults who have had diabetes for more than 15 years. Diabetic retinopathy in type 1 diabetes is extremely rare before puberty no matter how long they have had the disease. Medical conditions such as good control of sugars, management of hypertension and regulation of blood lipids are important to prevent retinopathy. Fortunately, the vision loss isn't significant in most people with the condition.
Kidney damage. About 35% to 45% of people with type 1 diabetes develop kidney damage, a condition called nephropathy. The risk for kidney disease increases over time and becomes evident 15 to 25 years after the onset of the disease. This complication carries significant risk of serious illness -- such as kidney failure and heart disease.
Poor blood circulation. Damage to nerves and hardening of the arteries leads to decreased sensation and poor blood circulation in the feet. This can lead to increased risk of injury and decreased ability to heal open sores and wounds, which in turn significantly raises the risk of amputation. Damage to nerves may also lead to digestive problems such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.
Reviewed by Certified Diabetes Educators in the Department of Patient Education and Health Information and by physicians in the Department of Endocrinology at The Cleveland Clinic.
Edited by Brunilda Nazario, MD, WebMD, October 2004.
Portions of this page © The Cleveland