If I am in the stretch and a runner breaks for 2nd before I make a move to Home or 1st base am I allowed to throw to 2nd base without getting called for a balk?
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Yes, it all rules, pro, NCAA, and FED, this is not a balk. However, there is a lot of confusion on this subject among umpires and coaches. Some may call it a balk and you won't be able to convince them that they are wrong.
Tallump is partially correct that it is not a balk in all the codes. What keeps it from being a balk is different in HS than in OBR. In Fed if the runner breaks then a throw to second is legal. In OBR he must make a real attempt and not just a strong secondary.
Would the pitcher just have to step off the rubber and around to second and throw?
Throwing to second can be done from the rubber or by stepping off. I was explaining the difference between HS rules and pro rules as far as throwing to second with a breaking runner. In high school if he breaks at all then a throw to second, from the rubber, is legal. In pros the break must be more of a legit attempt. The only restriction on not being able to make the throw is if the pitcher has already started toward the plate or first base.