wavehog,
The FAFSA form is a federal calculator that estimates each family's "Expected Family Contribution" - how much the government estimates your specific family could manage to scrape up per year from your paycheck, savings, home equity loans, etc., to help pay for your child's education. Each college then uses this info to figure out what amound of Financial Aid to TRY to award to you.
The equation:
COA (Cost of Attendance at each college)
- EFC (Expected Family Contribution per the FAFSA)
----- = Need (The Financial Need that a college will TRY to meet with a package of grants, loans, work study, etc.)
Here's an example: Say your child did not qualify for an academic scholarship and was not offered an athletic scholarship, and was most interested in two colleges, College 1 with a total cost of $20,000 per year and College 2 at $40,000 per year. You filled out the FAFSA and your Expected Family Contribution was calculated at $20,000 per year. (Don't fall out of your chair, that is actually not an unusual result for moderate income families where both parents work fulltime.)
Based on this example, theoretically College 1's financial aid office would expect you to pay the entire $20K per year, while College 2 would probably TRY to offer you a financial aid package of $20K per year in loans, grants, etc., while expecting you to pay the other $20K.
Some colleges may offer grants which bring your cost a little lower than the calculated Expected Family Contribution, while some colleges may not be able to offer you the entire amount of the calculated Need.
You can find out more information about the FAFSA and how to apply for many scholarships at
http://www.fastweb.com (you'll need to register, but it's free).
When you are ready, you can go to
http://www.fafsa.ed.gov to fill out the real FAFSA online.
But you can also get an idea of your FAFSA amounts in advance by going to
http://www.educationquest.org/ and clicking the
estimator button to fill out a pretend/estimated version of the FAFSA.
(I see that some other members provided additional info while I was typing, but since we all have a little different input to offer, I'll still post this.)