I wrote a piece on wood bats about 18 months ago when the IHSA was studying it. Here it is:
Ryan Camp never saw the baseball that hit him in the head.
Camp, a 6-foot-2 junior pitcher from Limestone, is one of the hardest throwers in central Illinois, thanks to a fastball clocked at 86 mph.
But on March 28, a line drive off the bat of Addison Trail's Dave Ciaglia - traveling much faster than it was thrown - struck Camp in the head. The ball hit him just an inch above the right temple and ricocheted toward the left side of the infield.
"I never even saw it," Camp said one month after suffering the injury. "A couple of teammates have told me that it was hit so hard that they couldn't even see it until it bounced off my head."
Camp spent the night at OSF Saint Francis Medical Center in Peoria after doctors discovered blood in the fluid around his brain. He also experienced meningitis-like symptoms (nausea and dizziness) and doctors feared he might have a seizure.
Camp was fortunate. Those injuries quickly subsided and he returned to the mound just days later. On the following Monday, he picked up a save.
"I wasn't too worried about going back out there," Camp said. "I just knew I had to throw strikes and my defense would take care of me.
"It hasn't really bothered me since."
Camp is the fourth high school pitcher from Illinois to sustain a head injury from a batted ball in the last three seasons, joining Oak Lawn's Bill Kalant, Ottawa's Jared Mundt and Bloomington Central Catholic's Ben Heaton - all of whom were injured in the last two years by balls hit by aluminum bats.
Although the Illinois High School Association is aware of those injuries, it does not track them. Nor does the National Federation of State High School Associations. And therein lies the problem.
No national system
In the debate over the safety of wood bats vs. aluminum bats, the lack of such a system prevents any real discourse from taking place.
"All the injury information we have is anecdotal," said Elliot Hopkins, assistant director of the NFHS and the baseball liaison. "So we really don't have any hard information as to what is safer."
Nevertheless, the NFHS is starting to provide grants in an effort to study the debate further. The IHSA received one of those grants - worth $20,000- and distributed it among five conferences: the Apollo, Big Northern, Heart of Illinois, Private School League and Three Rivers.
"We financed the purchase of the bats, that's all," Hopkins said. "At the end of the year in June, we'll say thanks for the data and that's it.
"This isn't intended to spur immediate change. Rather, we want to collect enough data to study the matter thoroughly."
The areas of study aren't limited to injuries either.
"Of course, we're going to look at risk minimization," Hopkins said. "But we're also going to look at things like time of game and the scores of the games played with wood bats."
Currently, Illinois is just one of two states using wood bats. North Dakota made the change of its own accord and is playing its first season under the mandate all its schools use wood. Still the Roughrider State is reporting its data as well.
"If you have just one state or 50 schools doing it, you don't have much to go on," Hopkins said. "But if you have an entire state and 50 schools in another, then you've got some information to work with."
The study is the first of its kind at the high school level and one of the first at any level of baseball.
Previous studies
Until now, studies done in the wood-vs.-aluminum debate focused solely on bat performance. In laymen's terms, researchers studied whether each type of bat hit balls equally hard or whether one type produced a harder-hit ball than the other.
Dr. Alan M. Nathan is a professor of physics at the University of Illinois. But in his spare time, he applies his knowledge of physics to baseball. Nathan is a member of NCAA Baseball Research Panel and has extensively studied the performance of wood bats vs. aluminum.
"There is no question that aluminum bats out-perform wood bats," Nathan said. "You'd have to be living in a cave not to know that.
"To me, the question is how much? We know how to pose the question, we just don't know the answer."
NCAA and NFHS rules mandate a bat's ball-exit speed ratio (BESR) cannot exceed 97 mph. A bat's BESR is tested by a bat swung with a speed of 66 mph hitting a ball pitched at 70 mph.
The NCAA found that a ball hit by a wood bat under those conditions would leave a bat no faster than 96 mph. The benchmark was set at 97 to account for any unknowns in the testing.
But according to Nathan's paper "Some Thoughts on Wood vs. Aluminum Bats," presented to the Massachusetts Interscholastic Athletic Association on Jan. 10, 2003, there is a problem with the test: it doesn't take into account the weight distribution of the bats or the moment of inertia (MOI).
A wood bat tends to be heavier on the end, while an aluminum bat's weight is concentrated near the handle. As a result, a player can swing an aluminum bat faster than he could a wood bat. Nathan estimates a faster swing speed thanks to a smaller MOI could result in a ball with an exit speed of 101.5 mph.
"In terms of safety, which is what it seems to be about, the question is how does that change the reaction time of the pitcher," Nathan said.
But few studies measured a wood bat's performance on other facets of the game: runs scored, extra-base hits, time of game, etc. Those are things the NFHS and the IHSA set out to measure.
The big picture
A little more than a year ago, the Chicago Public League proposed a switch to wood bats for all its member schools. CPL coaches voted it down.
According to Anthony Holman, who oversees baseball for the IHSA, his organization feared the next vote might come from the Illinois legislature and result in a mandate.
"We wanted to get out in front of this," Holman said. "We didn't want the legislature here forcing it on us like in New York City, Pennsylvania or North Dakota.
"We don't want to be in that position."
But as Holman tried to gather information, he couldn't find what he sought.
"The studies we were finding didn't answer the questions we had," Holman said. "The NCAA is studying batted-ball injuries during play in NCAA-sanctioned summer leagues, but that's a three-year study that's just getting started.
"The American Legion did a study similar to the NCAA study, but there's never been one that focused on high school baseball."
Holman wants to make it clear this study is not the first step toward the IHSA mandating wood bats.
"There's no preconceived notions here," Holman said. "We just want the data. Once that data is delivered in June, we'll sit down, take a look at it and see what it tells us."